Pneumonia | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment – All You Need to Know

Pneumonia is a serious lung infection that affects millions of people worldwide every year.

But what is pneumonia exactly, and how can you protect yourself from it? In this guide, we’ll break down everything you need to know, including pneumonia causes, symptoms, diagnosis, & treatments.

What is Pneumonia?

Pneumonia is a lung infection that occurs when bacteria, viruses, or fungi attack your lungs. It leads to inflammation and fluid buildup in the air sacs. This swelling makes it harder for oxygen to reach your bloodstream, which is why breathing can feel difficult.

Pneumonia can affect just one lung or both. When both lungs are infected, it’s called bilateral pneumonia or double pneumonia.

Bacterial vs. Viral Pneumonia: What’s the Difference?

While both bacterial pneumonia and viral pneumonia cause lung inflammation, their severity and treatment methods differ.

• Bacterial pneumonia is typically more aggressive. It can cause high fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. It mostly requires antibiotics and, in some cases, hospitalisation.
• Viral pneumonia usually starts with flu-like symptoms. Such as a cough, fever, and fatigue. It is less severe and often improves without antibiotics. We can say it clear up on its own with rest and supportive care.

Doctors determine the type of pneumonia you have based on your symptoms, tests, and sometimes a chest X-ray. If you’re ever unsure, it’s best to seek medical care early to prevent complications.

What Are the Different Types of Pneumonia?

Pneumonia isn’t just classified by its cause. It’s also categorised based on where and how you contract it. Here’s a closer look at the major types:

1. Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)

This is the most common type of pneumonia. It occurs outside of hospitals or healthcare settings. It can be caused by:

• Bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal disease) is the leading cause of CAP. Other bacteria, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Legionella (Legionnaires’ disease), can also trigger pneumonia.
• Viruses: Common viruses like the flu (influenza), COVID-19, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and even the common cold can sometimes develop into pneumonia.
• Fungi: Fungal infections, such as Cryptococcus, Pneumocystis jirovecii, and Coccidioides, are rare. But they can cause pneumonia, especially in people with weakened immune systems.
• Protozoa: Though rare, certain protozoa like Toxoplasma can also lead to pneumonia.

2. Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)

If you develop pneumonia while being treated in a hospital for another condition, it’s called hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP).

This type is more serious because hospital bacteria tend to be more resistant to antibiotics which makes treatment more challenging. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common culprit in these cases.

3. Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia (HCAP)

Healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) refers to infections that develop in patients who spend extended time in healthcare facilities like nursing homes or outpatient clinics.

Like HAP, this type of pneumonia is mostly caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

4. Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)

Patients who rely on ventilators (breathing machines) in hospitals, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs), are at risk for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).

This type can be caused by the same bacteria responsible for community-acquired pneumonia. As well as drug-resistant bacteria found in hospital environments.

5. Aspiration Pneumonia

Aspiration pneumonia happens when food, liquid, saliva, or vomit accidentally enters the lungs instead of going down the esophagus.

If these substances aren’t coughed out, they can cause an infection. People who have trouble swallowing, suffer from neurological disorders. Or they are unconscious due to anesthesia or intoxication are at higher risk.

Pneumonia Symptoms & Causes | What to Watch for

Pneumonia can sneak up on you with symptoms that range from mild to severe. Depending on the cause and your overall health. While some people experience a high fever and persistent cough. Others, especially young children and older adults, may show very different or subtle signs. Understanding the symptoms and causes of pneumonia can help you take action early and prevent serious complications.

Let’s take a closer look at pneumonia symptoms. And explore what causes this lung infection in the first place.

What Are the Symptoms of Pneumonia?

The symptoms of pneumonia vary depending on its cause; bacterial, viral, or fungal, and the age of the person affected. Some people may experience only mild discomfort. Whereas, others might have severe breathing difficulties requiring medical attention.

✓ Symptoms of Bacterial Pneumonia

Bacterial pneumonia can develop suddenly or progress gradually. It tends to be more severe than viral pneumonia and may include:

• Cough with thick yellow, green, or even blood-tinged mucus.
• High fever (up to 40.5°C or 105°F).
• Fatigue and a general feeling of weakness.
• Shortness of breath or rapid, shallow breathing.
• Increased heart rate (as your body works harder to pump oxygen).
• Sweating or chills, sometimes accompanied by shivering.
• Chest or abdominal pain, especially when coughing or taking deep breaths.
• Loss of appetite and difficulty eating.
• Confusion or altered mental state, especially in older adults.
• Bluish lips, skin, or fingernails (cyanosis) due to a lack of oxygen.

✓ Symptoms of Viral Pneumonia

Viral pneumonia symptoms mostly develop more gradually. They may feel like a bad cold or the flu before worsening. You might experience:

• Headache and general discomfort.
• A dry cough that may turn productive over time.
• Extreme fatigue or weakness that lingers longer than a typical viral infection.
• Muscle pain and body aches.

✓ Symptoms of Pneumonia in Babies & Young Children

Pneumonia in infants and toddlers can be harder to detect because they may not always have a cough or obvious breathing issues. Instead, look for:

• Fever, chills, or flushed skin.
• Cough, which may be mild or persistent.
• Fast or difficult breathing (tachypnea).
• Poor appetite or refusing to feed.
• Lack of energy, appearing drowsy or inactive.
• Irritability, fussiness, or excessive crying.
• Vomiting or nausea.

Watch for These Signs in Babies & Toddlers:

• Grunting or noisy breathing.
• Fewer wet diapers than usual (dehydration).
• Pale or bluish skin tone.
• Weakness or limpness.

✓ Symptoms of Pneumonia in Older Adults

People over 65 or those with weakened immune systems can have milder, less obvious pneumonia symptoms. Instead of a high fever or severe cough, they may show:

• A significant drop in appetite.
• Fatigue or an overall decline in energy.
• Worsening of existing health conditions.
• Sudden confusion or disorientation.

If you or a loved one experience any of these symptoms, especially breathing difficulties or confusion, seek medical help right away.

What Causes Pneumonia?

Pneumonia occurs when germs enter the lungs and cause inflammation, leading to fluid buildup in the air sacs (alveoli). Your immune system fights the infection. But sometimes the response causes further swelling which makes it harder to breathe.

The most common causes of pneumonia include:

• Bacteria: The leading cause of pneumonia in adults.
• Viruses: The most common cause in children.
• Fungi: Rare, but more likely to affect those with weakened immune systems.

✓ Common Infections That Can Lead to Pneumonia

Some illnesses increase the risk of developing pneumonia, including:

• Influenza (the flu virus)
• Common cold (rhinovirus)
• COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)
• Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) – common in babies and older adults
• Legionnaires’ disease – a severe bacterial infection
• Pneumocystis pneumonia – a fungal infection, more common in those with compromised immunity
• Mycoplasma pneumonia – a milder but persistent bacterial infection

Is Pneumonia Contagious?

Pneumonia itself isn’t contagious. But the viruses and bacteria that cause it can spread from person to person.

Here’s how pneumonia spreads:

• Through Coughing & Sneezing: Respiratory droplets carry bacteria and viruses.
• Close Contact with Infected People: Sharing utensils or touching shared objects can spread germs.
• Touching Contaminated Surfaces: Germs can live on hands, doorknobs, and other surfaces.

Some forms of pneumonia, like fungal pneumonia, are not contagious. These infections come from the environment (such as soil or mold) rather than from other people.

When Should You See a Doctor?

Pneumonia can become dangerous if left untreated. Especially for those at higher risk. See a doctor if you experience:

• Coughing up pus or blood
• Severe difficulty breathing
• Persistent high fever (39°C / 102°F or higher)
• Extreme fatigue or confusion
• Chest pain, especially when breathing deeply

Who Is at Higher Risk of Pneumonia?

It’s especially important for the following groups to seek medical care at the first signs of pneumonia:

• Adults over 65
• Children under 2 years old with symptoms
• People with chronic illnesses like asthma, diabetes, or heart disease
• Anyone with a weakened immune system (due to chemotherapy, organ transplants, or immune-suppressing medications)

For older adults or those with heart and lung conditions, pneumonia can quickly become life-threatening. Unsure whether your symptoms are serious? Don’t wait! Get medical checkup as soon as possible.

How is Pneumonia Diagnosed? Tests and Diagnosis Explained

When you’re feeling under the weather with a persistent cough, fever, or trouble breathing, your doctor might check for pneumonia. But how exactly do they diagnose it?

Let’s explore the process and the tests that can confirm whether you have pneumonia and what’s causing it.

How Do Doctors Diagnose Pneumonia?

Your healthcare provider will start by asking about your symptoms and medical history.

They’ll also perform a physical exam, listening to your lungs with a stethoscope. If they suspect pneumonia, they may order additional tests to confirm the diagnosis and determine how severe it is. These tests help identify whether the infection is bacterial, viral, or fungal, which guides the treatment plan.

Sometimes, even with testing, the exact cause of pneumonia remains unknown. However, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications.

What Tests Are Used to Diagnose Pneumonia?

To get a clear picture of what’s happening in your lungs, your doctor can recommend one or more of the following pneumonia diagnostic tests:

Pneumonia Treatments: What Are Your Options?

Once pneumonia is diagnosed, treatment depends on its cause, severity, and your overall health. Some cases are mild and can be managed at home, while severe cases may require hospital care.

Here’s how pneumonia is treated based on its cause:

1. Antibiotics (For Bacterial Pneumonia)

If your pneumonia is caused by bacteria, your doctor will prescribe antibiotics. These medications help fight the infection and reduce symptoms. It’s important to complete the full course, even if you start feeling better, to prevent a relapse.

2. Antifungal Medications (For Fungal Pneumonia)

If a fungal infection is the cause, antifungal medications will be prescribed. Fungal pneumonia is less common but can be serious. Especially in people with weakened immune systems.

3. Antiviral Medications (For Viral Pneumonia)

Most cases of viral pneumonia go away on their own with rest and home care. However, antiviral medications like Tamiflu® (oseltamivir) or Relenza® (zanamivir) may be prescribed for certain viral infections, such as the flu.

4. Oxygen Therapy

If pneumonia is making it hard for you to breathe, your doctor can provide extra oxygen through a mask or nasal tube to help maintain healthy oxygen levels.

5. Draining Excess Fluid (For Pleural Effusion)

If too much fluid builds up around your lungs, your doctor can drain it using a needle, a catheter, or surgery.

6. IV Fluids (For Severe Cases)

In some cases, pneumonia can cause dehydration. If you’re too sick to drink enough fluids, doctors may administer fluids directly into your veins through an IV.

How to Prevent Pneumonia: Vaccines & Everyday Protection Tips

Pneumonia can be serious. But the good news is that you can take steps to lower your risk.

Vaccinations, healthy habits, and simple precautions can go a long way in keeping your lungs strong and preventing infections. Let’s explore the best ways to protect yourself and your loved ones from pneumonia.

✓ Get Vaccinated: The Best Defense Against Pneumonia

Vaccines are one of the most effective ways to prevent pneumonia. Especially for those at higher risk, such as young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems. While no vaccine can prevent every type of pneumonia, they can significantly reduce the severity if you do get sick.

1. Pneumococcal Vaccines (Protect Against Bacterial Pneumonia)

There are two main vaccines designed to prevent pneumonia caused by pneumococcal bacteria:

• Pneumovax23® (PPSV23) – Recommended for adults over 65 and people with certain medical conditions.
• Prevnar13® (PCV13) – Typically given to infants, young children, and some adults with specific health risks.

Your doctor can help determine which vaccine is best for you based on your age and health condition.

2. Flu & COVID-19 Vaccines (Prevent Viral Pneumonia)

Certain viral infections, like the flu and COVID-19, can lead to pneumonia as a complication. Getting vaccinated against these viruses reduces your chances of developing pneumonia or experiencing severe illness if you do get infected.

3. Childhood Vaccines (Building Immunity Early)

Many routine childhood vaccines help protect against bacteria and viruses that can cause pneumonia, such as:

• Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP) vaccine
• Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine
• Measles and varicella (chickenpox) vaccines

If you have children, talk to their doctor about ensuring they’re up to date on these important vaccines.

✓ Healthy Habits to Lower Your Risk of Pneumonia

Vaccines are powerful, but they work best when combined with healthy daily habits. Here’s what you can do to further reduce your chances of getting pneumonia:

1. Wash Your Hands Regularly

Keeping your hands clean is one of the simplest and most effective ways to prevent infections. Wash your hands with soap and water:

• Before eating or preparing food
• After using the restroom
• After being in public places
• After coughing or sneezing

If soap and water aren’t available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.

2. Quit Smoking & Avoid Secondhand Smoke

Smoking damages the lungs and weakens their ability to fight off infections, making you more vulnerable to pneumonia. If you smoke, quitting is one of the best things you can do for your lung health.

Additionally, try to avoid exposure to secondhand smoke.

3. Avoid Close Contact with Sick Individuals

Pneumonia-causing bacteria and viruses spread easily through coughing, sneezing, and touching shared surfaces. If you or someone around you is sick with a respiratory infection, take precautions:

• Avoid sharing utensils, drinks, or personal items.
• Keep a safe distance from those who are coughing or sneezing.
• Wear a mask if needed, especially in crowded or high-risk settings.

4. Maintain a Strong Immune System

A healthy lifestyle helps your body fight off infections, including pneumonia. Strengthen your immune system by:

• Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins.
• Staying physically active with regular exercise.
• Getting enough rest to allow your body to recover and stay resilient against illnesses.

5. Limit Alcohol Intake

Drinking excessive alcohol can suppress your immune system and make your body more prone to infections. Moderation is key to keeping your lungs and immune system in good shape.

6. Manage Underlying Health Conditions

If you have a chronic condition like asthma, diabetes, or heart disease, work with your doctor to keep it under control. Unmanaged health conditions can weaken your immune system and increase your risk of infections like pneumonia.

Is Your Cough More Than Just a Cold? Get Checked Today!

Visit Main Street Medical Centre for Expert Pneumonia Care

Pneumonia can be serious, but early diagnosis and treatment make all the difference. Whether you’re experiencing persistent coughing, fever, or breathing difficulties, our experienced doctors are here to help. We offer thorough assessments, advanced diagnostic tests, and personalised treatment plans to get you back to feeling your best.

Don’t wait – protect your health today.

Book an Appointment Now

Visit our website for more details: https://mainstreetmc.com.au/